3GPP's first 5G international standard report released

The evolution of the 5G NR architecture is divided into two main approaches: NSA (non-independent networking) and SA (standalone networking). Industry leaders from companies like ZTE and Intel had previously stated that the Rel.15 standard would be frozen in December 2017, with the SA version to follow in June 2018, focusing on eMBB (enhanced mobile broadband) commercial scenarios. According to 3GPP’s roadmap, the full Rel.16 standard is expected to be completed by the end of 2019.

This timeline reflects the industry's consensus after years of accelerated development. The progress in 5G standards has been driven by collaboration across multiple regions, with China playing a particularly prominent role.

China has made significant contributions to 5G standardization. It is reported that Chinese communication companies submitted nearly 40% of all proposals to 3GPP. Additionally, Chinese experts held a substantial share in each working group. For instance, in RAN1, which focuses on the 5G physical layer, over 60% of participants were Chinese experts. Overall, Chinese professionals accounted for about 40% of the total contributors in 5G working groups.

China is not only a key player in the 5G standardization process but also leads in technical testing and spectrum allocation globally. The IMT-2020 (5G) promotion group, led by Chinese entities, has completed the second phase of its 5G technology R&D tests and launched the third phase, focusing on product development, verification, and industrial collaboration ahead of commercial deployment.

In addition, China released its frequency usage plan for the 5G system in the 3000–5000MHz band, becoming the first country to do so. This move provides a clear framework for 5G network planning and helps accelerate global adoption.

The 5G trials led by the IMT-2020 group began in January 2016. The first phase focused on verifying key technologies, while the second phase started in September 2016 and involved building the world’s largest 5G test field to support the development of a complete 5G industry chain.

Wei Kejun, head of the 5G trial under the IMT-2020 group, mentioned that the third-phase test specifications were fully initiated in September 2017. Both NSA and SA-based frameworks were developed, with transmission infrastructure completed by the end of 2017 and the full environment established by March 2018.

A recent report on the first 5G international standard highlights the minimum performance expectations for 5G networks. For consumers, this means that a single 5G base station could theoretically support downlink speeds of at least 20 Gbps and uplink speeds of 10 Gbps. In reality, these speeds are shared among users, with 5G capable of supporting up to one million devices per square kilometer.

Compared to 4G, 5G offers a dramatic improvement in speed. For example, downloading an 8GB HD movie would take just six seconds on a 5G network, compared to seven to eight minutes on 4G LTE or over an hour on 3G.

ITU’s approval of the initial IMT-2020 framework is a crucial step toward full standardization. Sergio Buonomo, a consultant for the ITU-R 5G expert group, noted that while more work remains, the final 5G standard is expected to be completed by the end of 2019. The ITU recommendations will eventually include all technical specifications required for IMT-2020 (5G).

It is important to note that no global ICT standard can be fully realized without ITU’s approval. Although many companies are conducting their own 5G research and testing, these efforts are guided by the initial guidelines set by ITU.

In February of this year, the ITU adopted and published the draft IMT-2020 framework in Geneva, setting the stage for future technical specifications across 192 member states. The final document closely resembles the draft, reflecting the careful and collaborative nature of high-tech standardization.

The 3GPP R15 NSA (Non-Standalone) core standard involves using the existing 4G core network (EPC), with 4G serving as the control plane anchor and LTE and 5G NR operating in dual connectivity. This approach allows operators to quickly deploy 5G using existing 4G infrastructure, addressing coverage and hotspot needs.

NSA deployments can be either co-site or non-co-site. A 5G base station (gNB) can act as a micro-station, deployed alongside an existing LTE base station (eNB) or separately to enhance indoor or high-density coverage.

At the Busan conference last year, Deutsche Telekom proposed 12 different 5G networking options. Among them, options 3/3a/3x, 7/7a/7x, and 4/4a are NSA architectures, while options 2 and 5 represent SA configurations.

Non-Standalone networking is divided into three phases:

1) In the first phase, both LTE and 5G base stations share the 4G core network (EPC). The LTE base station acts as the master, while the 5G base station functions as the slave. Control plane signaling travels through the 4G channel to the EPC. This setup avoids the need for a new 5G core network, allowing operators to rapidly expand 5G coverage using existing infrastructure. However, it risks overloading the 4G core network.

2) In the second phase, LTE and 5G base stations share the 5G core network (NGCN). The LTE base station still serves as the master, but control plane signaling now goes directly to the 5G core network. This reduces the risk of overloading the 4G core and addresses 5G capacity requirements.

3) In the third phase, the 5G base station becomes the master, and the LTE base station acts as the slave. This configuration supports enhanced mobile broadband, large-scale IoT, and ultra-low latency applications, enabling diverse use cases in the era of universal connectivity.

Dual connectivity between LTE and NR is not a new concept. It was introduced in 3GPP R12 and later expanded in R13 to include LTE-WLAN aggregation. However, this is the first time that dual connectivity has been implemented between two generations of 3GPP wireless technologies.

Given the differences in underlying technologies between LTE and NR, there are several challenges to overcome. For instance, devices must understand both LTE and NR RRC control signaling to manage dual connectivity operations effectively.

Overall, the first 5G standard represents a critical step forward for early commercial deployment. From 2G to 5G, the pace of technological advancement has accelerated significantly, and the release of the first 5G standard marks a turning point in the global telecommunications landscape.

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Signal
Response time refers to the response speed of the Liquid Crystal Display to the input signal, that is, the response time of the liquid crystal from dark to bright or from bright to dark (the time for the brightness from 10%-->90% or 90%-->10%) , Usually in milliseconds (ms). To make this clear, we have to start with the human eye's perception of dynamic images. There is a phenomenon of "visual residue" in the human eye, and the high-speed motion picture will form a short-term impression in the human brain. Animations, movies, etc. to the latest games have applied the principle of visual residue, allowing a series of gradual images to be displayed in rapid succession in front of people's eyes to form dynamic images. The acceptable display speed of the picture is generally 24 frames per second, which is the origin of the movie playback speed of 24 frames per second. If the display speed is lower than this standard, people will obviously feel the picture pause and discomfort. Calculated according to this index, the display time of each picture needs to be less than 40ms. In this way, for the liquid crystal display, the response time of 40ms becomes a hurdle, and the display above 40ms will have obvious picture flicker, which makes people feel dizzy. If you want the image screen to reach the level of non-flicker, it is best to achieve a speed of 60 frames per second.
I used a very simple formula to calculate the number of frames per second under the corresponding response time as follows:
Response time 30ms=1/0.030=approximately 33 frames per second
Response time 25ms=1/0.025=approximately 40 frames per second
Response time 16ms=1/0.016=approximately 63 frames per second
Response time 12ms=1/0.012=approximately 83 frames of pictures displayed per second
Response time 8ms=1/0.008=approximately 125 frames per second
Response time 4ms=1/0.004=approximately 250 frames per second
Response time 3ms=1/0.003=approximately display 333 frames per second
Response time 2ms=1/0.002=approximately 500 frames per second
Response time 1ms=1/0.001=approximately 1000 frames per second
Tip: Through the above content, we understand the relationship between response time and the number of frames. From this, the response time is as short as possible. At that time, when the LCD market first started, the lowest acceptable range of response time was 35ms, mainly products represented by EIZO. Later, BenQ's FP series came out to 25ms. From 33 to 40 frames, it was basically undetectable, and it was really quality. The change is 16ms, displaying 63 frames per second to meet the requirements of movies and general games, so 16ms is not obsolete. With the improvement of panel technology, BenQ and ViewSonic started a speed battle. ViewSonic started from 8ms to 4ms. Released to 1ms, it can be said that 1ms is the final controversy of LCD speed. For game enthusiasts, 1ms faster means that CS's marksmanship will be more accurate, at least psychologically, such customers should recommend the VX series of monitors. But everyone should pay attention to the grayscale response when selling. The text difference in full-color response may sometimes mean the same thing as gray-scale 8ms and full-color 5ms. It is the same as when we sold CRTs before, we said that the dot pitch is .28, LG just I have to say that he is .21, but the horizontal dot pitch is ignored. In fact, the two are talking about the same thing. LG has come up with a sharpness of 1600:1. This is also a conceptual hype. Everyone uses the basic screen. There are only a few companies on the list, and how can only the LG family achieve 1600:1, and everyone stays at the level of 450:1? When it comes to consumers, the meaning of sharpness and contrast is obvious, just like AMD's PR value, which has no real meaning.

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