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Inverter basic working principle of the inverter - Solutions - Huaqiang
The quality of the three-phase (U, V, W) AC output waveform and the voltage balance in an inverter play a crucial role in the performance of asynchronous motor speed control and the overall lifespan of both the motor and the inverter. Ensuring that the U, V, and W output waveforms meet the required standards is fundamental to the proper operation of the system. A repaired inverter must deliver balanced voltages across all three phases, as this directly impacts the efficiency and longevity of the connected equipment.
Inverters typically consist of power switching devices such as IGBTs or GTOs, which form the main circuit responsible for providing variable voltage and frequency to the motor. These devices are controlled by the control circuit, which receives commands from external operations. For applications requiring precise speed control or fast response times, the control system also integrates feedback signals from the drive circuit and the motor to enable closed-loop control. In addition to overvoltage and overcurrent protection, the inverter should include thermal protection to safeguard both the inverter and the motor. Faults in the inverter’s main circuit can lead to serious issues, affecting the stability and reliability of the entire system.
An inverter operates in contrast to a rectifier, converting DC power into AC power at the desired frequency. This is achieved by turning on and off the six power switches—three on the upper bridge and three on the lower bridge—at specific intervals. As shown in Figure 1, this configuration allows the generation of a three-phase AC voltage with a phase difference of 120 degrees between each output.
Figure 2 illustrates a typical IGBT gate drive circuit used in inverter maintenance. When the gate drive circuit is activated, it supplies a positive gate voltage of 15V, which is sufficient to fully turn on the IGBT and reduce conduction losses. This voltage also helps limit short-circuit current and minimizes the stress on the device. When the gate voltage drops to zero, the IGBT turns off, ensuring it remains in the off state even when there is noise on the collector-emitter voltage. Applying a negative bias during turn-off can further reduce switching losses. The reverse bias voltage for H-series IGBTs typically ranges from -5V to 15V, offering flexibility and improved performance under various operating conditions.
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