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LED lamp heating cause and calculation formula
LED bulbs have become a popular choice in the market, with a wide range of prices available on major online stores. Some are expensive, while others are quite cheap. Today, we're going to discuss one of the common issues with LED bulbs: overheating. Many people assume that LEDs are cold light sources, which is partly true, but it's important to understand how heat is generated and managed in these devices.
Although LEDs are more energy-efficient than traditional incandescent or fluorescent lights, they still produce heat. The process involves converting electrical energy into light, but only about 30-40% of the input energy is actually turned into visible light. The remaining 60-70% is lost as heat due to non-radiative recombination and lattice vibrations within the semiconductor material.
As the temperature of the LED chip increases, it can lead to higher rates of non-radiative recombination, which reduces the overall luminous efficiency. This is why even high-power LEDs generate significant heat, and if not properly managed, it can cause performance issues and reduce the lifespan of the bulb.
Many users who are new to high-power LEDs may not be aware of the importance of proper cooling. Without effective heat dissipation, the junction temperature inside the LED can rise quickly, leading to premature failure and lower reliability.
The main causes of LED heating come from two factors: first, the internal quantum efficiency isn't 100%, so some energy is lost as heat due to current leakage. However, modern LEDs have improved internal efficiency, reaching up to 90%. The second and more significant factor is that not all photons generated inside the chip can escape, so most of them are converted into heat. This is why the external quantum efficiency is only around 30%.
In contrast, incandescent bulbs have very low light efficiency (around 15 lumens per watt), but they convert almost all of their electrical energy into heat, mostly in the form of infrared radiation. While this makes them inefficient for lighting, it also means they don’t require complex cooling systems.
To address the issue of overheating, LED manufacturers focus on both chip-level and bulb-level heat dissipation. Chip-level cooling involves using high-quality substrates and circuit designs, while bulb-level cooling focuses on the housing and materials used.
For the bulb itself, heat from the LED chip is transferred through a series of components—starting from the metal heat sink, then through solder to the PCB, and finally to the aluminum heat sink. This process includes both heat conduction and heat dissipation.
There are several common methods for cooling LED bulbs:
- **Aluminum fins**: These are widely used to increase surface area for better heat dissipation.
- **Thermally conductive plastic cases**: By incorporating thermal materials during the molding process, the heat transfer capability of the case is improved.
- **Air hydrodynamic cooling**: Using the shape of the lamp housing to create natural air flow, which helps in passive cooling.
- **Fans**: Some lamps use fans for active cooling, though this method is less common due to maintenance challenges and unsuitability for outdoor environments.
- **Heat pipe technology**: Common in large-scale lighting like streetlights, this method efficiently transfers heat from the chip to the heat sink.
- **Radiative coatings**: Applying special coatings on the lamp housing allows heat to be radiated away more effectively.
Proper heat management is essential for ensuring the longevity and performance of LED bulbs. Whether you're choosing an LED bulb for home use or industrial applications, understanding how heat is generated and dissipated can help you make a more informed decision.