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Read the four categories of industrial robots
Industrial robots are advanced machines designed for use in the industrial sector, typically featuring multiple joints or degrees of freedom. These robots can perform tasks automatically and are equipped with their own power sources and control systems to execute various functions. They can be programmed by humans or follow pre-set instructions, and modern versions even incorporate artificial intelligence to enhance their performance. An industrial robot generally consists of three main components: the mechanical structure (or body), the drive system, and the control system. The body includes the base, arm, wrist, and end-effector, while some models may also feature a walking mechanism. Most industrial robots have between 3 to 6 degrees of freedom, with the wrist usually offering 1 to 3 of those. The drive system provides the necessary power and motion to the actuators, and the control system processes input signals to manage the robot’s actions.
Industrial robots are categorized based on the movement of their arms. Cartesian robots move along three orthogonal axes, cylindrical robots combine rotation, lifting, and extension, spherical robots allow rotation, pitch, and extension, and articulated robots feature multiple rotational joints. This article will explore these four types in detail and help you understand which one you might be most familiar with.
Multi-axis robots, often referred to as single-axis robots, electric cylinders, or robotic arms, are built around the XYZ coordinate system. These robots use servo motors and stepper motors to drive their movements, employing mechanisms like ball screws, timing belts, or rack and pinion systems. They can navigate precise paths in 3D space, following either a guided teaching mode or coordinate positioning. SCARA robots, a type of cylindrical-coordinate robot, are ideal for flat positioning and vertical assembly due to their high speed and precision.
Coordinate robots are multi-purpose manipulators that can perform linear movements along the X, Y, and Z axes. They are widely used in applications such as dispensing, welding, packaging, and assembly. Their simple structure makes them cost-effective and easy to integrate into automated production lines.
Tandem (or serial) robots have an open kinematic chain, allowing for a large working area but requiring careful control of each joint. In contrast, parallel robots form a closed kinematic chain, offering higher accuracy and rigidity, though they are more complex to program.
Parallel robots come in various configurations, such as 2-DOF, 3-DOF, 4-DOF, and 6-DOF models. Each type has unique characteristics suited for different tasks. For example, Delta robots are commonly used in high-speed pick-and-place operations, while 6-DOF parallel robots are used in flight simulators and machine tools. Despite their advantages, many challenges remain in optimizing their performance, including solving forward kinematics and improving dynamic modeling.