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Read the four categories of industrial robots
Industrial robots are advanced machines designed for the industrial sector, capable of performing a wide range of tasks with precision and automation. These robots typically consist of multiple joints or degrees of freedom, allowing them to move in complex ways. Powered by their own energy sources and controlled through sophisticated systems, they can either be manually operated or follow pre-programmed instructions. Modern industrial robots often integrate artificial intelligence, enabling them to adapt and learn from their environment.
An industrial robot generally comprises three core components: the mechanical structure (or body), the drive system, and the control system. The body includes the base, arm, wrist, and end-effector, while some models also incorporate walking mechanisms. Most robots have between 3 to 6 degrees of freedom, with the wrist typically offering 1 to 3 of these. The drive system provides the power and motion to the actuators, and the control system processes input signals to manage the entire operation.
Industrial robots are categorized based on the movement patterns of their arms. Rectangular coordinate robots move along three orthogonal axes, cylindrical coordinate robots perform lifting, rotation, and extension, spherical coordinate robots rotate, pitch, and extend, and articulated robots feature multiple rotational joints. This article will explore each type in detail, helping you understand which one you might be most familiar with.
Multi-axis robots, also known as single-axis robots or electric cylinders, operate within an XYZ coordinate system. They use servo and stepper motors to drive ball screws, timing belts, or rack-and-pinion systems, allowing precise movement in 3D space. These robots can follow straight or curved paths using multi-point interpolation, and they are programmed using either guided teaching or coordinate positioning methods.
SCARA robots are a specialized type of cylindrical coordinate robot, featuring three rotating joints aligned in parallel and one linear joint for vertical movement. They are lightweight and fast, making them ideal for tasks like flat positioning and vertical assembly. For example, the Adept 1 SCARA robot can reach speeds up to 10 m/s, significantly faster than traditional robotic arms.
Coordinate robots, also known as Cartesian robots, move linearly along the X, Y, and Z axes. They are widely used in applications such as dispensing, welding, sorting, and packaging due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. These robots rely on motion control systems that generate both straight and curved paths, and they can be programmed using either teaching or coordinate-based methods.
Tandem or serial robots have an open kinematic chain, giving them a large workspace and ease of motion analysis. However, they require independent control of each axis and accurate sensors to maintain precision. Parallel robots, on the other hand, form a closed kinematic chain, offering high rigidity, accuracy, and load capacity. While their forward solutions are more complex, their reverse solutions are simpler.
Parallel robots come in various configurations, including 2-DOF, 3-DOF, and 6-DOF models. The 3-DOF Delta robot is a popular example, known for its speed and precision in pick-and-place operations. The 6-DOF parallel mechanism is widely used in flight simulators and machine tools but still presents challenges in terms of kinematics and dynamic modeling.
Whether you're working in manufacturing, automation, or research, understanding the different types of industrial robots can help you choose the right solution for your needs. From simple coordinate robots to advanced parallel systems, each has unique strengths and applications in modern industry.